Python_Note18

Python_GUI

Python有許多GUI套件，有跟C結合的PyQt、跟Java結合的Jypthon、.net的Ironpython，以及內建的 Tkinter。新手推薦從Tkinter來作為開始，藉此學習GUI的程式架構、以及演算法程式如何與GUI結合，可以幫助在設計演算法時考慮兩者之間的關係，優化架構，新手如我就是run code的時候都很好，整合到GUI時才發現很多沒考慮到的部分需要修改，然後牽一髮動全身，差不多動了60%吧，200行的小程式就改的累死了，更何況是上千行的程式碼。

Python_Tkinter

參考資料：
http://www.java2s.com/Code/Python/GUI-Tk/CatalogGUI-Tk.htm
http://www.tkdocs.com/tutorial/index.html
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_gui_programming.htm

影片教學：(推薦看這個，很快就能上手了)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJB1Ek2Ko_Y&list=PL6gx4Cwl9DGBwibXFtPtflztSNPGuIB_d

Tkinter Widgets

Tkinter提供15種核心widgets以及ˋ4種進階工具，下列每個Operator都可以直接點連接查詢個別的控制參數以及更詳細的用法。

Operator	Description
Button	The Button widget is used to display buttons in your application.
Canvas	The Canvas widget is used to draw shapes, such as lines, ovals, polygons and rectangles, in your application.
Checkbutton	The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options as checkboxes. The user can select multiple options at a time.
Entry	The Entry widget is used to display a single-line text field for accepting values from a user.
Frame	The Frame widget is used as a container widget to organize other widgets.
Label	The Label widget is used to provide a single-line caption for other widgets. It can also contain images.
Listbox	The Listbox widget is used to provide a list of options to a user.
Menubutton	The Menubutton widget is used to display menus in your application.
Menu	The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a user. These commands are contained inside Menubutton.
Message	The Message widget is used to display multiline text fields for accepting values from a user.
Radiobutton	The Radiobutton widget is used to display a number of options as radio buttons. The user can select only one option at a time.
Scale	The Scale widget is used to provide a slider widget.
Scrollbar	The Scrollbar widget is used to add scrolling capability to various widgets, such as list boxes.
Text	The Text widget is used to display text in multiple lines.
Toplevel	The Toplevel widget is used to provide a separate window container.
Spinbox	The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget, which can be used to select from a fixed number of values.
PanedWindow	A PanedWindow is a container widget that may contain any number of panes, arranged horizontally or vertically.
LabelFrame	A labelframe is a simple container widget. Its primary purpose is to act as a spacer or container for complex window layouts.
tkMessageBox	This module is used to display message boxes in your applications.

Standard attributes

widget有下列基本屬性可以設定：

• Dimensions
• Colors
• Fonts
• Anchors
• Relief styles
• Bitmaps
• Cursors

Geometry Management

Tkinter 提供的widgets都具有下列三種方法 (methods) 來設定位置：

• The pack() Method - This geometry manager organizes widgets in blocks before placing them in the parent widget.
• The grid() Method - This geometry manager organizes widgets in a table-like structure in the parent widget.
• The place() Method -This geometry manager organizes widgets by placing them in a specific position in the parent widget.

範例：

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()           #主視窗

root.title("Element Number Analysis")          #主視窗的名稱

frame_1 = Frame(root)                    #框架1(設置於主視窗root中)

frame_1.pack(side = LEFT, fill = Y)  

#pack：封裝至root中

#另一種寫法是 frame_1 = Frame(root).pack(side = LEFT, fill = Y)

#不過在某些情況會不行，若是編譯有Error時，

#不彷看看是不是這邊的問題。

#side = LEFT：fram1在root中的位置為左邊

#fill = Y ：fram1填滿上下界

#其中控制參數都必須要大寫，ex：LEFT、Y

frame_2 = Frame(root)                    #框架2(設置於主視窗root中)

frame_2.pack(side = LEFT, fill = Y)

frame_3 = Frame(root)                    #框架3(設置於主視窗root中)

frame_3.pack(side = LEFT, fill = Y)

Scrollbar1 = Scrollbar(frame_1)               #捲軸1(設置於框架1)

Scrollbar1.pack( side = RIGHT, fill=Y )      

#打包封裝至框架1中，且位置靠右側，並填滿上下界

Scrollbar2 = Scrollbar(frame_2)               #捲軸1(設置於框架2)

Scrollbar2.pack( side = RIGHT, fill=Y )

label_1 = Label(frame_1, text = '請輸入實施方式')

#標籤1(設置於框架1，標籤名稱為請輸入實施方式)

label_1.pack(side = TOP)            #打包封裝至框架1中，且位置靠上方

label_2 = Label(frame_2, text = '元件符號分析結果')

#標籤2(設置於框架2，標籤名稱為請輸入實施方式)

label_2.pack(side = TOP)            #打包封裝至框架2中，且位置靠上方

Retrive_input = Text(frame_1,yscrollcommand = Scrollbar1.set)

#輸入文字欄Text(設置於框架1)，

#yscrollcommand = Scrollbar1.set：在y軸設有捲軸1，

#根據捲軸1的控制參數可以知道捲軸會在框架1內的右側。

Retrive_input.pack(side = RIGHT,fill = Y)     

#打包封裝至框架1中，且位置靠右，但捲軸1已先設置於右側，

#所以Text會在其左側。

Scrollbar1.config( command = Retrive_input.yview )

#前面只是讓捲軸1出現在視窗上而已，

#要讓捲軸1能動需加此命令 ，

#Retrive_input.yview ：捲動捲軸1時文字欄是視窗做y軸方向移動。

Output_result = Text(frame_2,yscrollcommand = Scrollbar2.set)

Output_result.pack(side = RIGHT,fill = Y)

Scrollbar2.config( command = Output_result.yview )

#同上 

Button = Button(frame_3, text="Analyze", command=analyze)

#按鈕設置於框架3，標題為'Analyze'，

#而Button的command對應的是一個函數 analyze，

#亦即按下Button後就會執行analyze。

Button.pack(side = BOTTOM)         #打包封裝Button至框架3，且位置在底部

root.mainloop()      #進入訊息循環，才不會按完就跳掉。

若是要放置圖片，可以以label方式加入，先利用 PhotoImage(file= 'image.PNG') 讀檔，然後在label中加入控制參數 image = logo 即可，不過有圖片檔的腳本轉成exe檔比較複雜，無法直接用pyinstaller xxx.py來轉。

logo = PhotoImage(file= 'image.PNG')
label_3 = Label(frame_3, image = logo)
label_3.pack(side = BOTTOM)